The perpuse of this research is to determine the effect of foot massage on physiologic indicators including pulse, respiration and mean arterial pressure. The hypothesis of this research is that foot massage decreases the patient´s heart rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure. This research is a quasiexperimental study and a self-control clinical trial with repeated measures in witch 46 patients with brain stroke that hospitalized in intensive care unit of Tajrish Shohada hospital are studied. Using instruments include a sthetoscope and a sphygmomanometer that sphygmomanometer was calibrated before begeaning the work. Information was collected at 4 to 6 pm. For this perpuse the physiologic indicators were controlled and after 10 minute, the samples were undergoing five minute stroke foot massage, and then in 10 and 30 minute intervals physiologic indicators were controlled again. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA statistical method. Findings showed that pulse rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure significantly decrease after five minute foot massage (p<0.001). So that these indicators in 10 minute after foot massage were less than 10 minute before massage and in 30 minute after foot massage were less than 10 minute before and 10 minute after foot massage. Findings show parasympathetic activity after foot massage that result in alteration in physiologic responses. Decreasing of heart rate, mean arterial pressure and respiratory rate may shows that patients were more relaxed and their anxiety was decreased realy. So we can decrease anxiety of patients in intensive care unit with using of a simple, low expense and non invasive method and can stabilize physiologic indicators and decrease effects of vital signs instability

Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

Introduction: Intensive care unit is one of the most stressful wards for patients and it is estimated that 30 to 70 percent of patients experience severe physiologic stress during admission. Some of the physiologic responses to stress include increase in metabolic rate with consequent increase in body temperature, increase in cardiac output and contraction power and subsequently increase in blood pressure, heart rate and sodium accumulation, bronchodilation and increase in respiration rate. Control of homodynamic condition and vital signs is an essential and important practice in intensive care units for stabilizing physiologic indicators. Massage is one of the methods that can be used for this purpose.The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of foot massage on physiologic indicators including pulse, respiration rate, mean arterial pressure, temperature and arterial blood oxygen saturation.Methods: 46 patients with brain stroke who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Tajrish Shohada hospital were studied. The validity of information record form was determined with content validity and the validity of instruments was established using valid marks. The reliability of instruments was assessed with test-re-test after calibration. Information was collected on second, third and fourth days after ICU admission at 4 to 6 pm. For this purpose, the physiologic indicators were controlled and after 10 minute, the patients underwent 5-minute foot stroke massage and then at 10 and 30-minute intervals, physiologic indicators were controlled again. Data was analyzed by ANOVA statistical method.Results: Findings showed that pulse rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial blood pressure significantly decreased after 5 minute foot massage (p< 0.001) and the value of these indicators 10 minutes after foot massage was less than the values 10 minute before massage. Also, arterial oxygen conc. 10 minute after foot massage was more than the conc.10 minutes before massage and values at 30 minutes after foot massage were more than the values10 minutes before and 10 minutes after foot massage (p<0.001), Decrease in temperature on third and fourth days of ICU admission 10 minutes and 30 minutes after foot massage as compared to 10 minutes before massage was significant, but alterations were little and clinically, we can say that body temperature did not alter and approximately remind constant. Data analysis also showed that alterations in values of physiologic indicators during the three days of manipulation were the same and there was no difference between the alterations on different days (p<0.001).Conclusion: In general, parasympathetic activity after foot massages results in alteration of body physiologic responses. Decrease in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and respiratory rate along with increase in arterial oxygen concentration showed that patients were less anxious and more relaxed.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Introduction: One of the most discussed phenomena affecting the occurrence of anemia during pregnancy is so-called physiologic anemia of pregnancy. This type of anemia is caused primarily by an increase in plasma volume during the second half of the pregnancy. Plasma volume is increased at a rate much faster than hemoglobin and red blood cells are produced. This phenomenon, combined with the increased capacity of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the placenta, leads to the development of anemia in the second half of the pregnancy. The underlying cause is probably an increased concentration in the red blood cells of 2,3-diglycerophosphate, which results in a shift in the form of the hemoglobin dissociation curve, facilitating oxygen delivery to the tissues.Material and method: search in Ovid and other electronic reverences.Results: Some studies suggest that physiologic anemia is beneficial to the fetus, as it is thought to decrease blood viscosity and enhance placental perfusion to provide better maternal-fetal gas and nutrient exchange. This is especially true in cases of mild anemia. Multiple unwanted effects on the mother and fetus have been attributed to IDA in pregnancy, although some of the studies reporting these effects were not sufficiently powered to confirm these findings. There is strong evidence of an association between maternal hemoglobin level and birth weight. Although controversial, there is also evidence of an association between maternal hemoglobin concentration and preterm birth. It is not possible to determine how much of this association is attributable to IDA deficiency anemia specifically. A recent study 15 demonstrated that patients with severe anemia may have a 4.6-fold increased risk for prolonged labor compared with patients with normal hemoglobin levels. A 4.8-fold higher risk of operative delivery and an increased risk of low-birth-weight infants (<2500 g) also were documented. In this study, unlike others, no increased risk for preterm labor was demonstrated. These findings may represent the effect of multiple nutritional deficiencies and not necessarily the effect of anemia alone. Patients with anemia also were documented to have higher induction rates than nonanemic patients.Conclusion: Inadequate intake of iron related to diets poor in bioavailable iron is often responsible for iron deficiency before pregnancy, and metabolic adjustments are insufficient to meet increasing needs during pregnancy. The effects of iron deficiency on the fetus are still controversial. Numerous measures, including the evaluation of erythrocyte ferritin, favor the hypothesis that the level of iron stores in newborns is related to maternal iron status and that the materno-fetal unit is dependent on exogenous iron, which is necessary to prevent iron deficiency in both mothers and infants. In industrialized countries, iron supplements should be prescribed for pregnant women in the third trimester, when the need for iron is prominent. In developing countries, supplementation should be initiated as soon as possible after conception because of the high prevalence of iron deficiency at the onset of pregnancy.

Introduction: Intensive care unit is one of stressful wards for patients and stress creates some alterations in physiologic indicators of patients. So it is necessary to use a low expense and comforting method to stabilize physiologic indicators. The purpose of the present research is to determine the effect of foot massage on physiologic indicators including pulse, respiration, mean arterial pressure, temperature and arterial blood oxygen saturation.Methods: This research was a quasi experimental study and a clinical trial with repeated measures in which 46 patients with brain stroke hospitalized in intensive care unit of Tajrish Shohada Hospital in Tehran were studied. Information was collected 10 minutes before and 10 and 30 minute intervals after foot stroke massage on the second, third and fourth days of ICU admission. Data was analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA statistical method.Results: Findings showed that after 5-minute foot massage, pulse rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial blood pressure significantly decreased (P<0.001) and spo2 increased (P<0.001). Decreasing temperature was significant but alterations were little and clinically it can be said that body temperature had no alteration and approximately remained constant.Conclusion: Findings showed that parasympathetic activity after foot massage results in alteration of various body physiologic responses, relaxes patients and decreases their anxiety. Therefore anxiety of patients can decreased with using a simple, low expense and non invasive method and can stabilize physiologic indicators and decrease effects of vital signs instability.

Aims: hospitalization in Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) is always along with stress for the patients. As stress in healthy people can cause increase in heartbeat, cardiac output and blood pressure also in heart patients it can effect on physiologic factors and increase death rate in these patients. According to the effect of emotional ties and increase of relationship with the relatives on decrease of these patients’ stress, this study had been done with the aim of determining the effect of planned meetings on physiologic indicators of the patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS).Methods: This is a semi-experimental study that had been done on 72 ACS patients in CCU. Samples had been chosen with base on target method sampling and had been studied randomly in two intervention and control groups in two CCUs separately. Meeting plan, in intervention group was in the form of scheduled and included three times meeting in the second and third day of hospitalization with the presence of one to three relatives that the patient had requested and in control group it was in the form of one time meeting per day and with the presence of some open meetings. Patients’ Blood pressure, heartbeat, breathing and heart dysrhythmias were recorded every two hours in day and night and also before, after and during meeting.Results: the results show significant decrease in physiologic indicators in the third day of hospitalization in compare with the first day in intervention group in contrast with control group, also the above variables in intervention group during meeting and after meeting were significantly less than control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that supportive effect of planed meeting on the patients is more than limited meeting and because of this it causes decrease of physiologic indicators and consequently it helps treatment. quality improvement of the patients with ACS in CCU.

Introduction: One of the complications of hemodialysis treatment is hypotension, which can increase morbidity and mortality and compromise dialysis efficacy. Dialysate temperature is an important factor that contributes to hemodynamic stability during hemodialysis. This study investigated the effect of dialysate temperature on the patients' blood pressure and pulse rate. Model-based approaches were used to produce more reliable results compared with traditional methods. Methods: A total of 30 patients were studied during 9 dialysis sessions. Dialysate temperatures were 37° C, 36° C and 35° C. A joint longitudinal model was used to analyze both responses of blood pressure and pulse rate, simultaneously. Results: The results showed that low-dialysate temperature was not significantly associated with higher systolic blood pressure (p>0. 05) or a higher pulse rate (p>0. 05) either during or after dialysis. Pulse rate and blood pressure were higher for women during dialysate (p<0. 001). However, increasing age was associated with higher blood pressure and a lower pulse rate (p<0. 001). Conclusion: Using several separate, repeated measure analysis of variances may produce misleading results, when there is more than one response variable measured over time, Multivariate statistical methods (including joint longitudinal models), should be used.